Simple yet quick stabilization of clay using a waste by-product

Soil stabilization with chemical additives is a reliable engineering practice for improving the mechanical behaviour of low bearing soils. The present study investigates the effect of dunder as an organic waste produced during the distillation of ethanol which contains 85% water, on the compressive strength of a reactive clay. In this study, two non-traditional soil stabilization techniques (i.e., precipitation and spraying techniques) that require less execution effort for an effective soil improvement outcome have been employed. The UCS of the clay stabilized with dunder concentrations of 0%~15% cured for 1 h, 14, and 28 days was determined. The UCS of the clay increased with dunder concentration and further improved with the curing period. The X-ray diffraction analysis of the stabilized clay showed the formation of calcium alumina hydrate (CAH) components within the microfabric of the clay. Field emission scanning electron microscopy images also confirmed the formation of a uniform aggregated fabric with less intra-pore spaces compared to the unstabilized clay. The outcomes of this study can be used for a quick and simple stabilization of unsealed temporary roads without the requirement for excavation and re-mixing and re-compacting the soil. Therefore, lower carbon dioxide production and lower construction and maintenance costs are anticipated.