Minimizing fouling at hydrogenated conical-tip carbon electrodes during dopamine detection in vivo

In this paper, physically small conical-tip carbon electrodes were hydrogenated to develop a probe capable of withstanding fouling during dopamine detection in vivo. Upon hydrogenation, the resultant hydrophobic sp3 carbon surface deters adsorption of amphiphilic lipids, proteins, and peptides present in extracellular fluid and hence minimizes electrode fouling. Subsequently, trials of dopamine detection in vivo were performed and results are presented.