International benchmarking of longitudinal train dynamics simulators: benchmarking questions

Longitudinal train dynamics (LTD) simulations have been playing an instrumental role in the development of larger trains, especially freight trains. LTD simulators have been reported from all around the world, but without standards or standard questions to assess the correct implementation of LTD analysis and the state of LTD studies. Under this situation, the Centre for Railway Engineering initiated the International Benchmarking of Longitudinal Train Dynamics Simulators. Eight teams involving 10 institutions from five countries across three continents have participated in the benchmark and submitted their results. This paper describes the benchmarking questions so other researchers will be able to repeat the simulations in the future and benchmark their programs against the current participating software. The question information includes train configurations and characteristics of the wagon connection system, locomotive traction and dynamic brake characteristics, resistance formula, track data, train driving controls and output requirements. The question information will also enable researchers to replicate the benchmark by providing relevant formulas, data sheets, figures and descriptions. © 2017 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.