Implementation of Congestion-Related Controls Improves Runner Density, Flow Rate, Perceived Safety and Satisfaction during an Australian Running Event

This study examined the impact of congestion-related controls on runner density, flow rate, perceived safety and satisfaction during an Australian running event. Runner congestion was compared between races organized at the Sunshine Coast Marathon and Running Festival in 2019 without controls and 2021 with added controls, including modifications to the start corral design and use of wave starts. Following a mixed-method design, runner congestion was quantitatively measured vis determining runner density and flow rate in the start corrals with video analyses, while post-event surveys were used to gather qualitative evidence regarding the prevalence of congestion and its impact on runner safety and satisfaction. Descriptive analyses for quantitative data showed runner density (1.48 - 3.01 vs 0.52 - 1.2 runners per square metre) and flow rate (102 - 152 vs 36 - 59 runners per minute per metre) were reduced across races with controls. Regarding qualitative data, Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney rank-sum tests demonstrated a significantly (p < 0.01) lower prevalence of congestion was perceived on course while running, alongside a reduced (p = 0.08) perceived impact of congestion on event satisfaction across races with controls. Furthermore, descriptive analyses for qualitative data showed a reduced proportion of runners indicated the start corrals were "somewhat" to "extremely" (rating of at lest 3 on a 5 point scale) congested upon race commencement with controls (64% vs 75%), and perceived safety (10% vs 17%) and satisfaction (17% vs 30%) were "somewhat" to "extremely" impacted by congestion across races with controls. Adopting suitable start corral designs with wave starts may enable race directors to reduce runner congestion to enhance continued participation among the public and viability of their running events.