Go to bed! A systematic review and meta-analysis of bedtime procrastination determinants and sleep outcomes

Bedtime procrastination, the volitional delay of going to bed without any external circumstances causing the delay, is associated with poor sleep outcomes. Alleviating bedtime procrastination is an important target for interventions to promote adequate sleep, yet the social cognitive, biological, and behavioural determinants of bedtime procrastination are poorly understood. The present study aimed to conduct a systematic review, narrative synthesis, and meta-analysis of (1) the underlying determinants of bedtime procrastination, and (2) the strength and direction of the relationship between bedtime procrastination and sleep outcomes.