A transformational shift has occurred in the 21st century, with many enterprises in the manufacturing or service sectors adopting sustainable and circular approaches and abandoning linear and wasteful processes [1,2,3]. With the scarcity of resources becoming increasingly apparent, businesses are now taking swift action to implement supply chain technology and initiate circular economy strategies. The goal of these efforts is to improve their resource utilisation, diminish waste along supply chains, and mitigate their environmental impacts,