Pre- and post-assessment of COVID-19 in academic learning: A state of the art assessment

Pandemic COVID-19 has disrupted the learning practices in primary, secondary and higher educational institutions. During this era, academic institutions started online and virtual learning opportunities to continue academic practices without trouble. Therefore, this study explores the effects of pre-COVID-19 and post-COVID-19 threats on e-learning opportunities in King Saudi Arabian Universities. For this purpose, the data collected at two stages by conducting two surveys. The first was conducted at the end of 2019, and the second was conducted at the beginning of 2022 to test the difference in technology usage in e-learning. The survey received a total of 465 responses. The Smart PLS-SEM software tool used to test the proposed hypotheses using multi- group analysis (MGA). We applied the Unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT) to assess the difference between two pandemic situations. The study reported that performance expectancy and facilitating conditions in post- COVID-19 situations significantly differed from pre-COVID-19. It means there was a rise in technology usage in the post-COVID- 19 situation. On the other hand, effort expectancy, social influence, hedonic motivation and behavioral intentions were slightly different post- COVID-19 from pre-COVID-19. In addition, this study will look at the managerial implications and future directions of Information Systems and Education.