Modelling risk paths for BIM adoption in Singapore

Building information modelling (BIM) adoption involves risks that inhibit users from obtaining its benefits. The objective of this study is to model the paths of risks associated with BIM adoption in the context of Sin-gapore. To achieve the objective, 16 risks categorized into nine groups were identified from a literature re-view, and a questionnaire survey was conducted with 42 professionals in Singapore. The hypothetical risk paths were tested using partial least square-structural equation modelling. The results confirmed the risk cate-gorization and supported seven significant risk paths, which further formed four chains of risk paths. “Data ownership issue” and “inadequate relevant knowledge and expertise” were the root risks in two chains of risk paths, suggesting that they were the primary source of all the other risk categories and should be emphasized. “Data ownership issue” can either directly result in “cost overrun with BIM”, or indirectly caused cost overrun through “poor information sharing and collaboration”, “low data quality”, and “liability for data input”. The findings of this study enable practitioners to understand the risks associated with BIM adoption, take measures to mitigate the root risks, and assure the potential benefits of BIM.