Hydrogen energy storage and transportation challenges: A review of recent advances

Hydrogen is considered one of the most abundantly available elements all over the globe. It is available in the environment in most common substances like methane, water, and sugar. In the case of hydrogen, the energy density is almost three times more than gasoline, making it useful for energy storage and electricity production. Hydrogen is used in fuel cells for electricity production, and unlike other fossil fuels, only water is released as a byproduct. Hydrogen can be produced by electrolysis from several sources abundant on earth. Several biological, photosynthesis, and chemical technologies are in use to produce hydrogen. Currently, hydrogen systems come with a high cost and additional production, storage, and transportation challenges. The infrastructure to use and move hydrogen is quite limited at this point. This study discusses hydrogen production-related techniques, storage technologies, and the challenges in hydrogen transportation. Furthermore, brief discussions on costs and environmental impacts, including several open issues, are discussed.