Biofouling invasions

This chapter reviews the historical and continuing role of biofouling in marine species invasions through the translocation of marine species between disparate bioregions and/or facilitation of species spread in a recipient region. Factors that influence the process of translocation on a vessel or other biofouled vectors, and how these are influenced by modern antifouling practices and maritime activity, are also reviewed. Most maritime vessels and sectors were found to pose some risk, even on well-maintained ships, often through the establishment of biofouling aggregations in niches such as sea chests, internal sea water systems and areas where antifouling paint is not applied or becomes damaged. Measures that can be used to manage biofouling, and therefore effectively reduce the risk of translocation of invasive marine species, are discussed.